Which complications may result from excess ultraviolet radiation?

• A. Impetigo
• B. Herpes simplex
• C. Telangiectasia
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Ultraviolet light damages the skin in multiple ways, creating conditions that can lead to several different complications. Telangiectasia appears as a result of chronic sun damage when small surface blood vessels become permanently dilated, giving the characteristic fine, visible spider veins. UV exposure can also trigger reactivation of herpes simplex virus on the lips or face, leading to outbreaks after sun exposure. When the skin barrier is disrupted by sunburn or photodamage, it becomes easier for bacteria to invade, so secondary infections like impetigo can occur. Because each of these scenarios can arise from excessive UV exposure, all of the above is the best answer.